| — | Neonmanaged-postgres | Neon documents three tenancy patterns (database-per-user, schema-per-user, shared schema) and explicitly recommends project-per-tenant: 'We recommend setting up one project per user, rather than, for example, using a branch per customer.' Projects provision in milliseconds and idle ones are 'virtually free' via scale-to-zero. TOP10: this is the only Postgres surface where per-tenant physical isolation is economically free at rest, which is exactly the shape a host needs when absorbing donor systems that each want their own database. | observedtop10 | Source ↗ |
| — | Cloudflare D1embedded-edge-sql | D1 allows 50,000 databases per account on Workers Paid (10 free), with a footnote that paid plans can request 'millions to tens-of-millions of databases (or more) per account'. Docs state D1 'is designed for horizontal scale out across multiple, smaller (10 GB) databases, such as per-user, per-tenant or per-entity databases' at no extra cost since billing is queries+storage only. TOP10: proves database-per-tenant at a cardinality no Postgres surface matches, and prices tenancy at zero. | observedtop10 | Source ↗ |
| — | Cloudflare Durable Objectsembedded-edge-actor | Each SQLite-backed Durable Object is a uniquely addressable actor bundling compute with its own private embedded SQLite DB, giving a single-threaded serialization point per entity without external locking. Idle objects are evicted and 'Inactive objects receiving no requests do not incur any duration charges'; an empty DB costs ~12 KB. TOP10: this is the cleanest commercial precedent for per-tenant state that is also a per-tenant compute/coordination boundary, which a federating host needs for donor-app session and lock state. | observedtop10 | Source ↗ |
| — | Tursoembedded-edge-sql | Turso prices for the many-database pattern: 100 databases on Free and 'Unlimited' on Developer ($4.99/mo), Scaler ($24.92/mo) and Pro ($416.58/mo), metering row reads (500M free to 250B on Pro) and row writes (10M free to 250M on Pro) rather than database count. Its Partner Program references companies 'helping companies adopt the many-database architecture'. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Supabasemanaged-postgres-baas | Supabase is the reference implementation of RLS-based tenancy: shared tables with a tenant_id column and Postgres row-level security policies, with the client automatically attaching the authenticated user's JWT so policies enforce isolation below the application layer. Prevailing guidance is shared-DB+RLS as default, reserving DB-per-tenant for compliance-bound enterprise tenants. TOP10: establishes the baseline the host must beat or adopt, and shows tenancy enforced in the database rather than in app code. | observedtop10 | Source ↗ |
| — | Supabase (OSS core licence)licence-check | Read the LICENSE body directly rather than trusting a badge: supabase/supabase is Apache-2.0 on the master branch (the main branch returns 404), and the supabase/postgres image carries The PostgreSQL License. This is a genuinely permissive core, unlike several sync/streaming peers surveyed here. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Convexsync-reactive-backend | Convex is a reactive document database where queries are subscriptions. Critically, the LICENSE body is 'Functional Source License, Version 1.1, Apache 2.0 Future License' (FSL-1.1-Apache-2.0), NOT an OSI licence: any 'Competing Use' making the software available in a product that substitutes for Convex is prohibited, converting to Apache-2.0 later. TOP10: a host foundation that resold a Convex-derived backend would be a textbook Competing Use, so this is a licence landmine to name explicitly. | observedtop10 | Source ↗ |
| — | Convex (commercial tiers)sync-reactive-backend | Convex prices per developer seat plus resources: Free/Starter at $0, Professional at $25 per developer/month, Business & Enterprise at a $2,500 monthly minimum. Included resources on Free/Pro: 1M/25M function calls, 0.5/50 GB database storage, 1/100 GB file storage, 1/50 GB egress. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | ElectricSQLsync-local-first | Electric syncs 'Shapes' (filtered table views fetched over plain HTTP via GET /v1/shape) and deliberately does NOT enforce row-level security itself: 'you don't have to codify your auth logic into a database rule system.' Tenancy is enforced by a proxy or gatekeeper that sets the table and WHERE clause server-side, and client-supplied subset queries are AND-ed so they 'can only narrow results, never widen them.' TOP10: this is the strongest architectural precedent for a host that must federate donor stores it does not control, since authorization lives above the database rather than inside each donor's schema. | observedtop10 | Source ↗ |
| — | ElectricSQL (licence)licence-check | electric-sql/electric is Apache-2.0 (SPDX confirmed via GitHub API, ~10.3k stars), making it one of only two genuinely permissive sync engines in this survey and the safest to embed in a commercial host foundation. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | PowerSyncsync-local-first | PowerSync syncs a server subset into a full local SQLite, giving genuine offline support, with writes uploaded through your own API. Its server LICENSE body is 'Functional Source License, Version 1.1, ALv2 Future License' (FSL-1.1-ALv2): source-available, not OSI, barring Competing Use, converting to Apache-2.0 two years after release. Client SDKs are Apache-2.0/MIT. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Zero (Rocicorp)sync-local-first | Zero (rocicorp/mono, Apache-2.0 confirmed via SPDX, ~3.4k stars, tagline '99% of Queries in Zero Milliseconds') is a server-authoritative bidirectional sync engine: the server accepts or rejects each mutation, which is the correct trust posture for a host that cannot let donor clients write authoritatively. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Cloudflare R2object-storage | R2 is S3-compatible with 'no charges for egress bandwidth for any storage class', billing only storage plus Class A (mutating, up to $9.00/million) and Class B (reading, $0.36-$0.90/million) operations, with Infrequent Access adding $0.01/GB retrieval. Register rationale: for a host federating donor systems, egress is the tax that scales with the number of systems you bridge, and R2 removes it outright. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Cloudflare R2 (migration path)object-storage | R2 supports progressive migration by sitting in front of a legacy S3 bucket and copying objects on demand as requested, avoiding a large upfront migration. This is directly analogous to the strangler pattern a host needs when absorbing a donor system's existing file store. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | AWS Auroramanaged-postgres | Aurora Serverless v2 bills per second in 0.5 ACU increments and lists 'Starting capacity: 0 ACU' (scale to zero), at roughly $0.12/ACU-hour Standard or $0.156 I/O-Optimized. Aurora Limitless Database (PostgreSQL only) distributes writes across multiple writer instances while preserving a single-database experience. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | PlanetScalemanaged-postgres-mysql | PlanetScale removed its free Hobby tier in April 2024 and has not restored it; entry is a $5/month PS-5 single-node Postgres cluster, HA is ~3x single-node, and Vitess MySQL starts at $39/month for 3-node HA. Sharded keyspaces are creatable on any plan; Postgres sharding is not Vitess but a separate project (Neki). | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | MongoDB Atlasdocument | Atlas has no hard collection cap but recommends maxima counting collections AND indexes together: 5,000 (M10), 10,000 (M20/M30), 100,000 (M40+); exceeding them slows checkpoints and can stall operations. TOP10: this is the clearest quantified proof that collection-per-tenant and database-per-tenant have a hard economic ceiling in the document world, forcing shared-collection tenant discriminators at scale. | observedtop10 | Source ↗ |
| — | Google Firestoredocument | Firestore enforces a hard 'Maximum number of databases per project: 100' (increase only via support request), and CMEK databases default to a quota of 0 behind an allowlist. This makes database-per-tenant structurally unavailable on Firestore, pushing all tenancy into collection paths plus Security Rules. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Faunadocument | LIVE NEGATIVE FINDING: Fauna is dead. The service ended 30 May 2025 at 12:00 Pacific, after which all accounts and associated data were permanently deleted; the company cited an inability to raise the capital needed to run a global operational database. Reported impact: 195+ databases and 3,000+ development teams. Any Actionist design doc listing Fauna as a candidate is out of date. | observedrejected | Source ↗ |
| — | ClickHouse Cloudanalytics | ClickHouse Cloud is usage-based with compute and storage scaled independently and explicitly 'automatically scale unused resources down to zero so that you don't pay for idle services', plus configurable autoscaling limits to cap runaway query spend. The OSS engine is Apache-2.0 (confirmed via GitHub SPDX, ~49.5k stars). | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Tinybirdanalytics | Tinybird is managed ClickHouse that turns SQL into REST endpoints, priced Free / Developer ($49-mo, page also shows 'Starting at $25/month') / SaaS / Enterprise, with vCPU overage at $0.0002/second and storage at $0.058/GB. JWT support on all paid tiers is the mechanism for per-tenant API scoping. Register rationale: it is the clearest commercial pattern for handing an analytics slice to a tenant's browser without exposing the warehouse, which a host needs when donor apps must show their owners metrics. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | MotherDuckanalytics | MotherDuck prices internal users, not end users: 'unlimited end users' on all plans with only internal users metered, Business at $250/org/month plus usage (storage $0.04/GB/mo, compute $0.60-$24/hr by instance class). It markets 'Hypertenancy', giving each internal or end user an isolated compute instance, plus up to 16 read-scaling replicas. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Confluent Cloudevents-streaming | Confluent bills elastic CKUs plus networking and storage: Basic (first eCKU free, then $0.14/hr, $0.05/GB, 5 TB cap), Standard ($0.75/hr, ~$385/mo start), Enterprise ($1.75-2.25/hr, ~$895/mo), Freight ($2.25/hr min 2 eCKUs, ~$2,300/mo). There is no per-partition charge, only partition limits (1,500 Basic to 96,000 Enterprise). | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Redpandaevents-streaming | Redpanda is Kafka-API compatible but its LICENSE body is Business Source License 1.1 with an Additional Use Grant that bars using it for a 'Streaming or Queuing Service' -- explicitly including any commercial offering letting third parties cause topic creation, and naming infrastructure/hosting providers. Change Date is four years from release. TOP10: a host foundation that let tenants create topics could fall inside this carve-out, making it a direct legal constraint on a multi-tenant event plane. | observedtop10 | Source ↗ |
| — | NATS / Synadiaevents-streaming | nats-io/nats-server is Apache-2.0 (SPDX confirmed, ~20.6k stars), 'the cloud and edge native messaging system'. Unlike Redpanda's BSL, a permissive licence imposes no carve-out on offering messaging to third parties, making it the licence-safe choice for a host that must let donor systems publish and subscribe. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Elastic / Elasticsearchsearch | Read the body, not the badge: Elasticsearch is triple-licensed under 'GNU Affero General Public License v3.0 only', 'the Server Side Public License, v 1', and 'the Elastic License 2.0', with code licensed SOLELY under ELv2 found in the x-pack folder. GitHub's API returns no licence field at all for this repo. TOP10: the ELv2-only x-pack carve-out is precisely the hosting-clause trap this project has already been burned by, and it sits inside the most commonly assumed-safe search dependency. | observedtop10 | Source ↗ |
| — | Algoliasearch | Algolia documents tenancy WITHOUT per-tenant indices: 'This doesn't mean you need one index per user.' Records carry a filterable access attribute (e.g. visible_by), and the backend mints a secured API key with an embedded filter that 'users can't alter', so a browser-side key is cryptographically constrained to one tenant's rows. TOP10: the strongest commercial precedent for pushing a tenant-scoped credential to an untrusted client, which is exactly what a host must do for donor-app frontends it does not control. | observedtop10 | Source ↗ |
| — | Algolia (commercial tiers)search | Algolia meters search requests and records: Free (10K searches, 50K records), Grow ($0.50 per additional 1K searches, $0.40 per 1K records), Grow Plus ($1.75 per 1K searches), Elevate (annual, custom). A search request counts once per exchange even across multiple indices, and Algolia ignores the 3 highest-record days each month. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Typesensesearch | Typesense is GPL-3.0 (SPDX confirmed and corroborated by the LICENSE.txt body reading 'GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE', ~26.5k stars), self-describing as an 'Open Source alternative to Algolia + Pinecone'. GPL-3.0 is a genuine OSI licence with no hosting carve-out, but its copyleft reach is a different question from ELv2/BSL commercial restrictions. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Pineconevector | Pinecone's namespace is the tenancy primitive, with documented per-index limits of 100 (Starter), 1,000 (Builder) and 100,000 (Standard and Enterprise), making namespace-per-tenant viable at scale. Pricing is serverless/usage-based: $0.33/GB/mo storage, ~$4-4.50 per million write units and ~$16-18 per million read units on Standard, with $50 (Standard) and $500 (Enterprise) monthly minimums. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Temporal Cloudworkflow-state | Temporal Cloud makes durable workflow state a metered product: Actions billed at $50/million falling to $25/million at volume, active storage $0.042/GBh and retained storage $0.00105/GBh, with plans from Essentials $100/mo to Enterprise, paying 'the greater of your monthly plan or 5%-10% of usage'. Namespaces default to On-Demand at 500 APS, autoscaling on 7-day usage. The OSS server is MIT (SPDX confirmed, ~22.6k stars). | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Inngestworkflow-state | Inngest ('The leading workflow orchestration platform', ~5.8k stars) carries a LICENSE body of 'Server Side Public License, Version 1.0' with an Apache 2.0 Future License. SSPL is the strongest copyleft-for-service licence in this survey: offering the functionality as a service triggers obligations over the entire service stack. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Liveblockssync-collaborative | Liveblocks prices the room as the collaborative-state unit: unlimited monthly active users AND unlimited monthly active rooms on every tier, metering instead on simultaneous connections per room (10/10/50/100), realtime collaboration minutes ($0.002/minute beyond 3,000), and realtime data stored per room (10 MB Free/Pro, 50 MB Team). Yjs is included on all tiers alongside Liveblocks Storage. Plans: Free, Pro $25/mo, Team $500/mo (annual). | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Y-Sweet (Jamsocket)sync-collaborative | y-sweet is MIT-licensed (verified by reading the LICENSE body, which returns 'MIT License'), providing a self-hostable Yjs CRDT server with S3-compatible persistence. It is the licence-safe alternative to Liveblocks for collaborative state, with no Competing Use or hosting carve-out. | observedregister | Source ↗ |
| — | Crunchy Data / Crunchy Bridgemanaged-postgres | Crunchy Bridge is a managed Postgres offering positioned for enterprises wanting standard Postgres without proprietary extensions, which for a host means donor databases can be lifted in and out without a vendor-specific dialect. Marked INFERRED: the pricing page fetch was blocked by a rate limit and no page was read in this run. | inferredrejected | Source ↗ |